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Mobile, Alabama

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City of Mobile
—  City  —
From top: Pincus Building, Old City Hall and Southern Market, Fort Condé, Barton Academy, Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, and the skyline of downtown Mobile from the Mobile River.
From top: Pincus Building, Old City Hall and Southern Market, Fort Condé, Barton Academy, Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, and the skyline of downtown Mobile from the Mobile River.
Flag of City of Mobile
Flag		 Official seal of City of Mobile
Seal
Nickname(s): The Port City, Azalea City, The City of Six Flags
File:Mobile County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Mobile Highlighted.svg
Coordinates: 30°41′40″N 88°02′35″W / 30.69444°N 88.04306°W / 30.69444; -88.04306
Country United States
State Alabama
County Mobile
Founded 1702
Incorporated 1814
Government
 - Mayor Sam Jones
Area
 - City 159.4 sq mi (412.8 km2)
 - Land 117.9 sq mi (305.4 km2)
 - Water 41.5 sq mi (107.5 km2)
Elevation (lowest)[1] 10 ft (3 m)
Population (2000)[2][3]
 - City 198,915
 - Density 1,687.2/sq mi (651.4/km2)
 - Metro 399,843
Time zone CST (UTC-6)
 - Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP Codes 36601-36613, 36615-36619, 36621-36622, 36625, 36628, 36630, 36633, 36640-36641, 36644, 33652, 36660, 36663, 36670-36671, 36675, 36685, 36688-36691, 36693, 36695
Area code(s) 251
FIPS code 01-50000
GNIS feature ID 0155153
Website http://www.cityofmobile.org

Mobile (pronounced /moʊˈbiːl/ Template:Respell) is the third most populous city in the Southern U.S. state of Alabama and is the county seat of Mobile County.[4] It is located on the Mobile River and the central Gulf Coast of the United States. The population within the city limits was 198,915 during the 2000 census.[2] Mobile is the principal municipality of the Mobile Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), a region of 399,843 residents which is composed solely of Mobile County and is the second largest MSA in the state.[3] Mobile is included in the Mobile-Daphne-Fairhope Combined Statistical Area with a total population of 540,258, the second largest combined statistical area in the state behind Birmingham.[5]

Mobile began as the first capital of colonial French Louisiana in 1702. The city gained its name from the Native American Mobilian tribe that the French colonists found in the area of Mobile Bay.[6] During its first 100 years, Mobile was a colony for France, then Britain, and lastly Spain. Mobile first became a part of the United States of America in 1813. It then left that union in 1861 when Alabama joined the Confederate States of America, which collapsed in 1865.[7]

Located at the junction of the Mobile River and Mobile Bay on the northern Gulf of Mexico, the city is the only seaport in Alabama.[8] The Port of Mobile has always played a key role in the economic health of the city beginning with the city as a key trading center between the French and Native Americans[9] down to its current role as the 10th largest port in the United States.[10]

As one of the Gulf Coast's cultural centers, Mobile houses several art museums, a symphony orchestra, a professional opera, a professional ballet company, and a large concentration of historic architecture.[11][12] Mobile is known for having the oldest organized Carnival celebrations in the United States, dating to the 1700s of its early colonial period. It was also host to the first formally organized Carnival mystic society or "krewe" in the United States, dating to 1830.[13] People from Mobile are known as Mobilians.[9]

History

See also: History of Mobile, Alabama

Colonial

European settlement of Mobile, then known as Fort Louis de la Louisiane, started in 1702, at Twenty-seven Mile Bluff on the Mobile River, as the first capital of the French colony of Louisiana. It was founded by French Canadian brothers Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, establish control over France's Louisiana claims. Bienville was made governor of French Louisiana in 1701. Mobile’s Roman Catholic parish was established on 20 July 1703, by Jean-Baptiste de la Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier, Bishop of Quebec.[14] The parish was the first established on the Gulf Coast of the United States.[14] In 1704 the ship Pélican delivered 23 French women to the colony, along with yellow fever which passengers had contracted at a stop in Havana.[15] Though most of the "Pélican girls" recovered, numerous colonists and neighboring Native Americans died from the illness.[15] This early period was also the occasion of the arrival of the first African slaves, transported aboard a French supply ship from Saint-Domingue.[15] The population of the colony fluctuated over the next few years, growing to 279 persons by 1708, yet descending to 178 persons two years later due to disease.[14]

File:Mobile1725.jpg
Mobile and Fort Condé in 1725.

These additional outbreaks of disease and a series of floods caused Bienville to order the town relocated several miles downriver to its present location at the confluence of the Mobile River and Mobile Bay in 1711.[16] A new earth and palisade Fort Louis was constructed at the new site during this time.[17] By 1712, when Antoine Crozat took over administration of the colony by royal appointment, the colony boasted a population of 400 persons. The capital of Louisiana was moved to Biloxi in 1720,[17] leaving Mobile in the role of military and trading center. In 1723 the construction of a new brick fort with a stone foundation began[17] and it was renamed Fort Condé in honor of Louis Henri, Duc de Bourbon and prince of Condé.[18]

In 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the French and Indian War. The treaty ceded Mobile and the surrounding territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain, and it was made a part of the expanded British West Florida colony.[19] The British changed the name of Fort Condé to Fort Charlotte, after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, King George III's queen.[20]

The British were eager not to lose any useful inhabitants and promised religious tolerance to the French colonists, ultimately 112 French Mobilians remained in the colony.[21] The first permanent Jewish presence in Mobile began in 1763 as a result of the new religious tolerance. Jews had not been allowed to officially reside in colonial French Louisiana due to the Code Noir, a decree passed by France's King Louis XIV in 1685 that forbade the exercise of any religion other than Roman Catholicism, and ordered all Jews out of France's colonies. Most of these colonial era Jews in Mobile were merchants and traders, and added to the commercial development of Mobile.[22] In 1766 the population was estimated to be 860, though the town's borders were smaller than they had been during the French colonial efforts.[21] During the American Revolutionary War, West Florida and Mobile became a refuge for loyalists fleeing the other colonies.[23]

While the British were dealing with their rebellious colonists along the Atlantic coast, the Spanish entered the war as an ally of France in 1779. They took the opportunity to order Bernardo de Galvez, Governor of Louisiana, on an expedition east to retake Florida[24] and captured Mobile during the Battle of Fort Charlotte in 1780 as part of this campaign. They wished to eliminate any British threat to their Louisiana colony, which they had received from France in the 1763 Treaty of Paris.[23] Their actions were also condoned by the revolting American colonies, as evidenced by the presence of Oliver Pollack, representative of the American Continental Congress[24], and due to the fact that West Florida, for the most part, remained loyal to the British Crown.[23] The fort was renamed Fortaleza Carlota, with the Spanish holding Mobile as a part of Spanish West Florida until 1813, when it was seized by the U.S. General James Wilkinson during the War of 1812.[25]

19th century

File:Southern Hotel Water Street.jpg
HABS photo of the Southern Hotel (built c.1837) on Water Street.

By the time Mobile was included in the Mississippi Territory in 1813, the population had dwindled to roughly 300 people.[26] The city was included in the Alabama Territory in 1817, after Mississippi gained statehood. Alabama was granted statehood in 1819; Mobile's population had increased to 809 by that time.[26] As the river frontage areas of Alabama and Mississippi were settled by farmers and the plantation economy became established, Mobile's population exploded. It came to be settled by merchants, attorneys, mechanics, doctors and others seeking to capitalize on trade with these upriver areas.[26] Mobile was well situated for trade, as its location tied it to a river system that served as the principal navigational access for most of Alabama and a large part of Mississippi. By 1822 the city's population was 2800.[26]

From the 1830s onward, Mobile expanded into a city of commerce with a primary focus on the cotton trade.[27] The waterfront was developed with wharves, terminal facilities, and fireproof brick warehouses.[26] The exports of cotton grew in proportion to the amounts being produced in the Black Belt; by 1840 Mobile was second only to New Orleans in cotton exports in the nation.[26] With the economy so focused on one crop, Mobile's fortunes were always tied to those of cotton, and the city weathered many financial crises.[26] Though Mobile had a relatively small slave-owning population compared to the inland plantation areas, it was the slave-trading center of the state until surpassed by Montgomery in the 1850s.[28] By 1853, there were fifty Jewish families living in Mobile, including Philp Phillips,an attorney who was elected to the Alabama State Legislature and then to the United States Congress.[29] By 1860 Mobile's population within the city limits had reached 29,258 people; it was the 27th largest city in the United States and 4th largest in what would soon be the Confederate States of America.[30] The free population in the whole of Mobile County, including the city, consisted of 29,754 citizens, of which only 1195 were black.[31] Additionally, 1785 slave owners held 11,376 slaves, for a total county population of 41,130 people.[31]

File:Tacon Barfield Mansion.jpg
The Tacon-Barfield Mansion (built c. 1896) on Government Street.

During the American Civil War, Mobile was a Confederate city. The first submarine to successfully sink an enemy ship, the H. L. Hunley, was built in Mobile.[32] One of the most famous naval engagements of the war was the Battle of Mobile Bay, resulting in the Union taking possession of Mobile Bay on 5 August 1864.[33] On 12 April 1865, 3 days after the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Courthouse, the city of Mobile surrendered to the Union army to avoid destruction following the Union victories at the Battle of Spanish Fort and the Battle of Fort Blakely.[33] Ironically, on 25 May 1865, the city suffered loss when some three hundred people died as a result of an explosion at a federal ammunition depot on Beauregard Street. The explosion left a 30-foot (9 m) deep hole at the depot's location, sunk ships docked on the Mobile River, and the resulting fires destroyed the northern portion of the city.[34]

Federal Reconstruction in Mobile began after the Civil War and effectively ended in 1874 when the local Democrats gained control of the city government.[35] The last quarter of the 19th century was a time of economic depression and municipal insolvency for Mobile. One example can be provided by the value of Mobile's exports during this period of depression. The value of exports leaving the city fell from $9 million in 1878 to $3 million in 1882.[36]

20th century

The turn of the century brought the Progressive Era to Mobile and saw Mobile's economic structure evolve along with a significant increase in population.[37] The population increased from around 40,000 in 1900 to 60,000 by 1920.[37] During this time the city received $3 million in federal grants for harbor improvements to deepen the shipping channels in the harbor.[37] During and after World War I, manufacturing became increasingly vital to Mobile's economic health, with shipbuilding and steel production being two of the most important.[37] During this time, social justice and race relations in Mobile worsened, however.[37] In 1902 the city government passed Mobile's first segregation ordinance, one that segregated the city streetcars. It legislated what had been informal practice, enforced by convention.[37] Mobile's African-American population responded to this with a two-month boycott, but it did not change the law.[37] After this, Mobile's de facto segregation was increasingly replaced with legislated segregation as whites imposed Jim Crow laws to maintain dominance.[37]

File:Dauphin Street Mobile Alabama.jpg
Dauphin Street, looking eastward to the RSA Battle House Tower and GM Building.

World War II led to a massive military effort causing a considerable increase in Mobile's population, largely due to the massive influx of workers coming to Mobile to work in the shipyards and at the Brookley Army Air Field.[38] Between 1940 and 1943, more than 89,000 people moved into Mobile to work for war effort industries.[38] Mobile was one of eighteen U.S. cities producing Liberty ships. Its Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company supported the war effort by producing ships faster than the Axis powers could sink them.[38] Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation, a subsidiary of Waterman Steamship Corporation, focused on building freighters, Fletcher class destroyers, and minesweepers.[38]

The years after World War II brought about changes in Mobile's social structure and economy. Instead of shipbuilding being a primary economic force, the paper and chemical industries began to expand, and most of the old military bases were converted to civilian uses.

After World War II, African Americans stepped up their efforts to achieve equal rights and social justice. Some residents of Mobile had considered the city to be tolerant and racially accommodating compared to other cities in the South, especially as the police force and one local college became integrated in the 1950s. Buses and lunch counters were voluntarily desegregated by the early 1960s. Mobile's African-American citizens were not as content with the status quo as such residents believed. In 1963 three African-American students brought a case against the Mobile County School Board for being denied admission to Murphy High School.[39] The court ordered that the three students be admitted to Murphy for the 1964 school year, leading to the desegregation of Mobile County's school system.[39] The Civil Rights Movement led to the end of legal racial segregation with passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

In the late 1960s, Mobile's economy was dealt a blow with the closing of Brookley Air Force Base. This and other factors ushered in a period of economic depression that lasted through the 1970s.

The Alabama legislature passed the Cater Act in 1949 allowing cities and counties to set up industrial development boards (IDB) to issue municipal bonds as incentives to attract new industry into their local areas. The city of Mobile did not establish a Cater Act board until 1962. George E. McNally, Mobile's first Republican mayor since Reconstruction, was the driving force behind its creation. The existing Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce, considering itself better qualified to attract new businesses and industry to the area, saw the new IDB as a serious rival. After several years of political squabbling, the Chamber of Commerce emerged victorious. While McNally's IDB prompted the Chamber of Commerce to become more proactive in attracting new industry, the chamber effectively shut Mobile city government out of economic development decisions.[40]

Beginning in the late 1980s, the new mayor, Mike Dow, and the city council began an effort termed the "String of Pearls Initiative" to make Mobile into a competitive city.[41] The city initiated construction of numerous new facilities and projects, and the restoration of hundreds of historic downtown buildings and homes.[41] Violent crime was reduced, and city and county leaders attracted new business ventures to the area.[42] The effort continues into the present under the current mayor, Sam Jones, and city council.[42] Shipbuilding began to make a major comeback in Mobile in 1999 with the founding of Austal USA.[43]

Geography and climate

Geography

Mobile is located at 30°40'46" North, 88°6'12" West (30.679523, -88.103280)[44], in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Alabama. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 412.9 km² (159.4 mi²). 305.4 km² (117.9 mi²) of it is land and 107.6 km² (41.5 mi²) of it is water.[45] The elevation in Mobile ranges from 10 ft (3 m) on Water Street in downtown[1] to 211 ft (64 m) at the Mobile Regional Airport.[46]

Climate

Mobile's geographical location on the Gulf of Mexico provides a mild subtropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 67.5 °F (Template:Convert/proundT0 °C). Normal average January through December temperatures range from 40 °F (Template:Convert/proundT0 °C) minimum and 91 °F (Template:Convert/proundT0 °C) maximum.[47] Mobile has hot, humid summers and mild, rainy winters. A 2007 study by WeatherBill, Inc. determined that Mobile is the wettest city in the contiguous 48 states, with 67 inches (170 cm) of average annual rainfall.[48] Mobile averages 59 rainy days per year.[48] Snow is rare in Mobile, with the last snowfall being on 18 December 1996.[49]

Mobile is occasionally affected by major tropical storms and hurricanes.[12] Mobile suffered a major natural disaster on the night of 12 September 1979 when Category 3 Hurricane Frederic passed over the heart of the city. The storm caused tremendous damage to Mobile and the surrounding area.[50] Mobile had moderate damage from Hurricane Opal on 4 October 1995 and Hurricane Ivan on 16 September 2004.[51] Mobile also suffered US$ millions in damage from Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005. A storm surge of 11.45 feet (3.49 m), topped by higher waves, damaged eastern sections of Mobile, with extensive flooding in downtown, Battleship Parkway,[52] and the elevated Jubilee Parkway, destroying the electronic speed-limit fog-warning signals.

Weather data for Mobile, Alabama
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Average high °F (°C) style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|61
(16) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|65
(18) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|71
(22) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|77
(25) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|84
(29) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|89
(32) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|91
(33) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|91
(33) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|87
(31) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|79
(26) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|70
(21) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|63
(17)
Average low °F (°C) style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|40
(4) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|42
(6) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|49
(9) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|55
(13) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|63
(17) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|69
(21) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|72
(22) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|72
(22) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|68
(20) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|56
(13) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|48
(9) 		style="Template:Infobox Weather/colpastel"|42
(6)
Precipitation inches (mm) 6.21
(157.7) 		5.43
(137.9) 		6.98
(177.3) 		5.23
(132.8) 		6.36
(161.5) 		5.49
(139.4) 		5.93
(150.6) 		5.90
(149.9) 		5.58
(141.7) 		3.49
(88.6) 		4.56
(115.8) 		5.12
(130)
Source: US Travel Weather[53] 2007-12-03

Culture

Mobile is home to an array of cultural influences with its mixed French, Spanish, Creole and Catholic heritage, in addition to British and African, distinguishing it from all other cities in the state of Alabama. The annual Carnival celebration is perhaps the best illustration of this. Mobile has the oldest Mardi Gras celebration, dating to the early 1700s of French colonial times. Carnival in Mobile has evolved over the course of 300 years from a sedate French Catholic tradition into a mainstream multi-week celebration across the spectrum of cultures.[54]

Carnival and Mardi Gras

See also: Mardi Gras in Mobile
See also: Mystic society
File:Mobmardigras1.jpg
A Carnival parade on Royal Street in Mobile.

Mobile's Carnival celebrations start as early as November with several balls,[55] with the parades usually beginning after January 5.[56] Carnival celebrations end promptly at the stroke of midnight on Mardi Gras, signaling the beginning of Ash Wednesday and the first day of Lent.[57] In Mobile, locals use the term Mardi Gras as a shorthand to refer to the entire Carnival season, although it literally means Fat Tuesday in French, the day before Ash Wednesday and the beginning of Lent. During this time Mobile's mystic societies build colorful Carnival floats and parade throughout downtown with masked society members tossing small gifts, known as throws, to parade spectators.[58] Mobile's mystic societies, essentially private clubs, also give formal masquerade balls, which are almost always invitation only and are oriented to adults.[56]

Mobile first celebrated Carnival in 1703 when French settlers began the festivities at the Old Mobile Site.[13] Mobile's first Carnival society began in 1711 with the Boeuf Gras Society (Fatted Ox Society).[59] In 1830 Mobile's Cowbellion de Rakin Society was the first formally organized and masked mystic society in the United States to celebrate with a parade.[13][57] The Cowbellions got their start when Michael Krafft, a cotton factor from Pennsylvania, began a parade with rakes, hoes, and cowbells.[57] The Cowbellians introduced horse-drawn floats to the parades in 1840 with a parade entitled, “Heathen Gods and Goddesses".[59] The Striker's Independent Society was formed in 1843 and is the oldest surviving mystic society in the United States.[59]

Carnival celebrations in Mobile were cancelled during the American Civil War. In 1866 Joe Cain revived Mardi Gras parades when he paraded through the city streets on Fat Tuesday while costumed as a fictional Chickasaw chief named Slacabamorinico. He celebrated the day in front of the occupying Union Army troops.[60] The year 2002 saw Mobile's Tricentennial celebrated with parades that represented all of Mobile's mystic societies, both black and white.[59]

In 2009, for the first time in the city's history, Mardi Gras reached the 1,000,000-attendee milestone during the 5-day citywide celebration .

Archives and libraries

File:Mobile Public Library 2008.jpg
The Ben May Main Library on Government Street.

The National African American Archives and Museum features the history of "Colored Carnival", African-American participation in Mobile's Mardi Gras; authentic artifacts from the era of slavery, and portraits and biographies of famous African Americans.[61] The University of South Alabama Archives houses primary source material relating to the history of Mobile and southern Alabama, as well as the university's history. The archives are located on the ground floor of the USA Spring Hill Campus and are open to the general public.[62] The Mobile Municipal Archives contains the extant records of the City of Mobile, dating from the city's creation as a municipality by the Mississippi Territory in 1814. The majority of the original records of Mobile's colonial history (1702-1813) are housed in Paris, London, Seville, and Madrid.[63] The Mobile Genealogical Society Library and Media Center is located at the Holy Family Catholic Church and School complex. It features handwritten manuscripts and published materials for use in genealogical research.[64] The Mobile Public Library system serves Mobile and consists of eight branches across Mobile County, featuring its own large local history and genealogy division housed in a facility next to the newly restored and enlarged Ben May Main Library on Government Street.[65] The Saint Ignatius Archives, Museum and Theological Research Library contains primary sources, artifacts, documents, photographs and publications that pertain to the history of Saint Ignatius Church and School, the Catholic history of the city, and the history of the Roman Catholic Church.[66]

Entertainment and arts

The Mobile Museum of Art features European, Non-Western, American, and Decorative Arts collections.[11] The Saenger Theatre of Mobile was opened in 1927 and is a modern dynamic performing arts center. It is home to the Mobile Symphony, conducted by Maestro Scott Speck, and Space 301, a contemporary art gallery. It also serves as a small concert venue for the city.[67] The Mobile Civic Center contains three facilities under one roof. The 400,000 sq ft (37,161 m2) building has an arena, a theater and an exposition hall. It is the primary concert venue for the city and hosts a wide variety of events. It is home to the Mobile Opera and the Mobile Ballet.[12] The 60-year old Mobile Opera averages about 1,200 attendees per performance.[68] A wide variety of events are held at Mobile's Arthur C. Outlaw Convention Center. It contains a 100,000 sq ft (9,290 m2) exhibit hall, a 15,000 sq ft (1,394 m2) grand ballroom, and sixteen meeting rooms.[69] Additionally, the city sponsors BayFest, an annual three-day music festival with over 125 live musical acts on nine stages.[70]

Tourism

Museums

Mobile is home to a variety of museums. Battleship Memorial Park is a military park on the shore of Mobile Bay and features the World War II era battleship USS Alabama (BB-60), the World War II era submarine USS Drum (SS-228), Korean War and Vietnam War Memorials, and a variety of historical military equipment.[71] The Museum of Mobile chronicles 300 years of Mobile history and material culture and is housed in the historic Old City Hall (1857).[72] The Oakleigh Historic Complex features three house museums that interpret the lives of people from three levels of Mobile society in the mid-19th century.[73] The Mobile Carnival Museum, which houses the city's Mardi Gras history and memorabilia, documents the variety of floats, costumes, and displays seen during the history of the festival season.[74] The Bragg-Mitchell Mansion (1855),[75] Richards DAR House (1860),[76] and the Condé-Charlotte House (1822)[77] are historic antebellum house museums. Fort Morgan, Fort Gaines, and Historic Blakeley State Park figure into local American Civil War history. The Mobile Medical Museum is housed in the historic Vincent-Doan House (1827) and features artifacts and resources that chronicle the history of medicine in Mobile.[78] The Phoenix Fire Museum is located in the restored Phoenix Volunteer Fire Company Number 6 building and features the history of fire companies in Mobile from their organization in 1838.[79] The Mobile Police Department Museum features exhibits that chronicle the history of law enforcement in Mobile.[80] The Gulf Coast Exploreum is a non-profit science center located in downtown. It features permanent and traveling exhibits, an IMAX dome theater, a digital 3D virtual theater, and a hands-on chemistry laboratory.[81] The Dauphin Island Sea Lab is located south of the city near the mouth of Mobile Bay. It houses the Estuarium, an aquarium which illustrates the four habitats of the Mobile Bay ecosystem: the river delta, bay, barrier islands and Gulf of Mexico.[82]

Parks and other attractions

File:Bienville 02.jpg
Bienville Square from Saint Joseph Street.
File:DeltaSunset.jpg
Delta Sunset over Downtown Mobile from a 5 Rivers Delta Safaris Boat Tour.

The Mobile Botanical Gardens feature a variety of flora spread over 100 acres (Template:Convert/ha). It contains the Millie McConnell Rhododendron Garden with 1,000 evergreen and native azaleas and the Template:Convert/LoffAonDbSonNa Longleaf Pine Habitat.[83] The Bellingrath Gardens and Home are located on Fowl River and contain 65 acres (Template:Convert/ha) of landscaped gardens and a Template:Convert/LoffAonDbSon mansion dating to the 1930s.[84] The 5 Rivers Delta Resource Center is a new facility for exploring the Mobile, Spanish, Tensaw, Appalachee, and Blakeley River delta.[85] "5 Rivers" as it is affectionately known to locals, was established by the State of AL to be a "Gateway to the Mobile Delta"[86] and contains within its grounds a Theatrette; Exhibit Hall; Meeting, Wedding and Party facilities; a myriad of boat and adventure tours operated by Five Rivers Delta Safaris,[87] walking trails and a Canoe and Kayak Landing.

Mobile has more than 45 public parks with some that are of special interest.[88] Bienville Square is a historic park dating to 1850 in the Lower Dauphin Street Historic District and is named for Mobile’s founder, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville.[89] This park was once a principal gathering place for the citizens of the city and remains popular today. Cathedral Square is a performing arts park in the Lower Dauphin Street Historic District overlooked by the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception.[90] Fort Condé is a reconstruction of the original Fort Condé, built on the old fort's footprint. It is the city’s official welcome center and living history museum.[17] Spanish Plaza is a downtown park that honors the Spanish occupation of the city between 1780 and 1813. It features the "Arches of Friendship", a fountain presented to Mobile by the city of Málaga, Spain.[91] Langan Park is a Template:Convert/LoffAonDbSonNa municipal park that features lakes and natural spaces.[88] It is home to the Mobile Museum of Art, Azalea City Golf Course, Mobile Botanical Gardens and Playhouse in the Park.[88]

Historic architecture

File:250 St. Anthony Street Mobile AL 01.JPG
A house within the De Tonti Square Historic District.

Mobile has antebellum architectural examples of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, and Creole cottage. Later architectural styles found in the city include the various Victorian types, shotgun types, Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, Spanish Colonial Revival, Beaux-Arts and many others. The city currently has nine major historic districts consisting of Old Dauphin Way, Oakleigh Garden, Lower Dauphin Street, Leinkauf, De Tonti Square, Church Street East, Ashland Place, Campground, and Midtown.[92]

File:Mobile Marine Hospital 02.JPG
The old United States Marine Hospital, restored and adapted for reuse by the Mobile County Health Department.

Mobile has a number of historic structures spread throughout the city. Some of Mobile's historic churches include Christ Church Cathedral, the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Emanuel AME Church, Government Street Presbyterian Church, St. Louis Street Missionary Baptist Church, State Street AME Zion Church, Stone Street Baptist Church, and Trinity Episcopal Church. Two historic Roman Catholic convents survive, the Convent and Academy of the Visitation and the Convent of Mercy. Barton Academy is a historic Greek Revival school building and local landmark on Government Street. The Bishop Portier House and the Carlen House are two of the many surviving examples of Creole cottages in the city. The Mobile City Hospital and the United States Marine Hospital are both restored Greek Revival hospital buildings that predate the Civil War. The Washington Firehouse No. 5 is a Greek Revival fire station, built in 1851. The Hunter House is an example of the Italianate style and was built by a successful 19th century African American businesswoman. The Shepard House is a good example of the Queen Anne style. The Scottish Rite Temple is the only surviving example of Egyptian Revival architecture in the city. The Gulf, Mobile, and Ohio Passenger Terminal is an example of the Mission Revival style.

The city has several historic cemeteries that were established after the colonial era. They replaced Mobile's colonial Campo Santo, of which no traces remain. The Church Street Graveyard contains above-ground tombs and monuments spread over 4 acres (Template:Convert/ha) and was founded in 1819, during the height of the yellow fever epidemics.[93] The nearby Template:Convert/LoffAonDbSonNa Magnolia Cemetery was established in 1836 and was Mobile's primary burial site during the 19th century with approximately 80,000 burials.[94] It features tombs and many intricately carved monuments and statues.[95][96] The Catholic Cemetery was established in 1848 by the Archdiocese of Mobile and covers more than 150 acres (Template:Convert/ha). It contains plots for the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, Little Sisters of the Poor, Sisters of Charity, and Sisters of Mercy, in addition to many other historically significant burials.[97] Mobile's Jewish community dates back to the 1820s and the city has two historic Jewish cemeteries, Ahavas Chesed Cemetery and Sha'arai Shomayim Cemetery.[98]

Demographics

Historical populations
Census Pop.  %±
18303,194
—
184012,672296.7%
185020,51561.9%
186029,25842.6%
187032,0349.5%
188029,132−9.1%
189031,0766.7%
190038,46923.8%
191051,52133.9%
192060,77718.0%
193068,20212.2%
194078,72015.4%
1950129,00963.9%
1960202,77957.2%
1970190,026−6.3%
1980200,4525.5%
1990196,278−2.1%
2000198,9151.3%
Est. 2008191,022−4.0%
File:Mobile US Census 20 miles.gif
Map showing the city's average number of inhabitants per square mile of land in 2000.

The 2000 census determined that there were 198,915 people residing within the city limits.[2] Mobile is the center of Alabama's second-largest metropolitan area, which consists of all of Mobile County. Metropolitan Mobile (MSA) had a population of 399,843 as of 2000 census.[3]

There were 73,057 households out of which 22,225 had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29,963 were married couples living together, 15,360 had a female householder with no husband present, 3,488 had a male householder with no wife present, and 24,246 were non-families.[99] 20,957 of all households were made up of individuals and 7,994 had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.[99] The racial makeup of the city was 48.2% White, 47.9% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, 0.9% from two or more races, and 1.2% of the population were Latino.[99] The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.23.[99] Same-sex couple households comprised 0.9% of all households.[100]

The population was spread out with 7.1% under the age of 5, 73.6% over 18, and 13.4% over 65.[99] The median age was 35.6 years.[99] The male population was 47.6% and the female population was 52.4%.[99] The median income for a household in the city was $37,439, and the median income for a family was $45,217.[99] The per capita income for the city was $21,612. 21.3% of the population and 17.6% of families were below the poverty line.[99]

Government

File:Government Plaza Mobile.JPG
Government Plaza in Mobile, seat of government for the city and the county.
See also: List of mayors of Mobile, Alabama

Since 1985 the government of Mobile has consisted of a mayor and a seven member city council.[101] The mayor is elected at-large and the council members are elected from each of the seven city council districts. A supermajority of five votes is required to conduct council business. This form of city government was chosen by the voters after the previous form of government, which used three city commissioners who were elected at-large, was ruled to substantially dilute the African American vote in the 1975 case Bolden v. City of Mobile.[102] Municipal elections are held every four years.

The current mayor, Sam Jones, was elected in September 2005 and is the first African American mayor of Mobile.[103] As of January 2006, the city council is composed of Fredrick Richardson, Jr. from District 1, William Carroll from District 2, Clinton Johnson from District 3, John C. Williams from District 4, Reggie Copeland, Sr. from District 5, Connie Hudson from District 6, and Gina Gregory from District 7. Reggie Copeland, Sr. is currently serving as Council President with Fredrick Richardson, Jr. serving as Council Vice President.[104]

In January 2008, the city hired EDSA, an urban design firm, to create a new comprehensive master plan for the downtown area and surrounding neighborhoods. The planning area is bordered on the east by the Mobile River, to the south by Interstate 10 and Duval Street, to the west by Houston Street and to the north by Three Mile Creek and the neighborhoods north of Martin Luther King Avenue.[105]

Education

Primary and secondary

Public facilities

Public schools in Mobile are operated by the Mobile County Public School System. The Mobile County Public School System has an enrollment of over 65,000 students, employs approximately 8,500 public school employees, and had a budget in 2005-2006 of $617,162,616.[106] The State of Alabama operates the Alabama School of Mathematics and Science on Dauphin Street in Mobile, which boards advanced Alabama high school students. It was founded in 1989 to identify, challenge, and educate future leaders.[107]

Private facilities

Mobile also has a large number of private schools, most of them being parochial in nature. Many of these belong to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mobile. The private Catholic institutions include McGill-Toolen Catholic High School (1896), Corpus Christi School, Little Flower Catholic School (1934), Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic School (1900), Saint Dominic School (1961), Saint Ignatius School (1952), Saint Mary Catholic School (1867), Saint Pius X Catholic School (1957), and Saint Vincent DePaul Catholic School (1976).[108] The private Protestant institutions include St. Paul's Episcopal School (1947), Mobile Christian School (1961), St. Lukes Episcopal School (1961), Faith Academy (1967), and the Cottage Hill Baptist School System (1970), which operates Cottage Hill Baptist School and Cottage Hill Christian Academy.[108] UMS-Wright Preparatory School (1893) is an independent, non-religious, co-educational preparatory school.[108]

Tertiary

Colleges and universities in Mobile include the University of South Alabama, Spring Hill College, the University of Mobile, Faulkner University, and Bishop State Community College.[109]

The University of South Alabama is a public, doctoral-level university established in 1963. The university is composed of the College of Arts and Sciences, the Mitchell College of Business, the College of Education, the College of Engineering, the College of Medicine, the Doctor of Pharmacy Program, the College of Nursing, the School of Computer and Information Sciences, and the School of Continuing Education and Special Programs.[110]

Bishop State Community College, founded in 1927, is a historically African American community college. Bishop State has four campuses in Mobile and offers a wide array of associate degrees.[111]

Faulkner University is a four-year private Church of Christ-affiliated university based in Montgomery, Alabama. The Mobile campus was established in 1975 and offers bachelor's degrees in Business Administration, Management of Human Resources, and Criminal Justice.[112] It also offers associate degrees in Business Administration, Business Information Systems, Computer & Information Science, Criminal Justice, Informatics, Legal Studies, Arts, and Science.[113]

File:Spring Hill College Quad 01.JPG
Spring Hill College

Spring Hill College, chartered in 1830, was the first Catholic college in the southeastern U.S. and is the third oldest Jesuit college in the country.[114] This four-year private college offers graduate programs in Business Administration, Education, Liberal Arts, Nursing (MSN), and Theological Studies.[115] Undergraduate divisions and programs include the Division of Business, the Communications/Arts Division, International Studies, Interdivisional Studies, the Language and Literature Division, Nursing (BSN), Philosophy and Theology, Political Science, the Sciences Division, the Social Sciences Division, and the Teacher Education Division.[116]

The University of Mobile is a four-year private Baptist-affiliated university that was founded in 1961. It consists of the College of Arts and Sciences, School of Business, School of Christian Studies, School of Education, the School of Leadership Development, and the School of Nursing.[117]

Healthcare

Mobile serves the central Gulf Coast as a regional center for medicine. The city is served by over 850 physicians and 175 dentists. There are four major medical centers within the city limits: Mobile Infirmary Medical Center with 704 beds, Springhill Medical Center with 252 beds, Providence Hospital with 349 beds, and the University of South Alabama Medical Center with 346 beds and a level I trauma center.[118] Additionally, the University of South Alabama also operates USA Children's & Women's Hospital with 219 beds, dedicated exclusively to the care of children and women, and Mobile Infirmary Medical Center operates Infirmary West with 100 acute care beds.[118] In 2008, the University of South Alabama opened the USA Mitchell Cancer Center Institute. The center is home to the first academic cancer research center in the Gulf Coast region.[119] BayPointe Hospital and Children’s Residential Services is a 94-bed psychiatric hospital that houses a residential unit for children, an acute unit for children and adolescents, and an involuntary hospital unit for adults undergoing evaluation ordered by the Mobile Probate Court.[120] The city has a broad array of outpatient surgical centers, emergency clinics, home health care services, assisted-living facilities and skilled nursing facilities.[118][121]

Economy

File:Mobile Alabama harbor aerial view.jpg
Aerial view of southern portion of the Port of Mobile.
File:Port of Mobile.jpg
Cranes at the Port of Mobile.

Aerospace, retail, services, construction, medicine, and manufacturing are Mobile's major industries. After experiencing economic decline for several decades, Mobile's economy began to rebound in the late 1980s. Between 1993 and 2003 13,983 new jobs were created as 87 new companies were founded and 399 existing companies were expanded. 1,700 new jobs were created from February 2003 to February 2004.[122] Following the global economic downturn, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated Mobile's unemployment rate at 7.8% in January 2009.[123]

Expansion

Mobile's Alabama State Docks underwent the largest expansion in its history by expanding its container processing and storage facility and increasing container storage at the docks by over 1,000% at a cost of over $300 million, thus positioning Mobile for rapid container processing growth.[124] As of 2007, the Port of Mobile was the 10th largest by tonnage in the United States.[10]

In 2005 Austal USA, based in Mobile, expanded their production facility for US defense and commercial aluminium shipbuilding. Austal announced in late December upon winning another multi billion dollar defense contract it will yet again expand its facilities in downtown.[125] In 2007 German steel manufacturer ThyssenKrupp announced plans for a $4.65 billion steel mill, which upon completion in late 2009, will become the largest steel plant in the world with over 1,200 acres under roof at 7.7 million square feet.[126] The new plant is currently under construction in northern Mobile County. Company officials state that 2,700 permanent jobs will be added to the local economy.[126]

Brookley Complex

The Brookley Complex, also known as the Mobile Downtown Airport, is an industrial complex and airport located 3 miles (5 km) south of the central business district of the city. It is currently the largest industrial and transportation complex in the region with over 100 companies, many of which are aerospace, and 4000 employees on 1,700 acres (Template:Convert/ha).[127] Brookley includes the largest private employer in Mobile County, Mobile Aerospace Engineering, a subsidiary of Singapore Technologies Engineering.[127]

Transportation

Air

Local airline passengers are served by the Mobile Regional Airport, with direct connections to five major hub airports: Charlotte, Dallas, Atlanta, Houston, and Memphis.[128] It is served by American Eagle Airlines, Continental Express, Delta Air Lines, Northwest Airlink and US Airways Express.[128] The Mobile Downtown Airport serves corporate, cargo and private cargo aircraft.[128]

Rail

Mobile is served by four Class I railroads, including the Canadian National Railway (CNR), CSX Transportation (CSX), the Kansas City Southern Railway (KCS), and the Norfolk Southern Railway (NS).[129] The Alabama and Gulf Coast Railway, a Class III railroad, links Mobile to the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway at Amory, Mississippi. These converge at the Port of Mobile, which provides intermodal freight transport service to companies engaged in importing and exporting. Other railroads include the Terminal Railway of Alabama State Docks (TASD), a switching railroad, and the Central Gulf Railroad, a rail ship service to Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz.[129] The city was served by Amtrak's Sunset Limited passenger train service until 2005, when the service was suspended due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina.[130][131]

Road

File:Mobile Alabama I-10 downtown.jpg
Eastbound Interstate 10 in Mobile as it approaches the Wallace Tunnel.

Two major interstate highways and a spur converge in Mobile. Interstate 10 runs northeast to southwest across the city while Interstate 65 starts in Mobile at Interstate 10 and runs north. Interstate 165 connects to Interstate 65 north of the city in Prichard and joins Interstate 10 in downtown Mobile.[132] Mobile is well served by many major highway systems. United States Highways US 31, US 43, US 45, US 90 and US 98 radiate from Mobile traveling east, west, and north. Mobile has three routes east across the Mobile River and Mobile Bay into neighboring Baldwin County, Alabama. Interstate 10 leaves downtown through the George Wallace Tunnel under the river and then over the bay across the Jubilee Parkway to Spanish Fort/Daphne. US 98 leaves downtown through the Bankhead Tunnel under the river onto Blakeley Island and then over the bay across the Battleship Parkway into Spanish Fort, Alabama. US 90 travels over the Cochrane-Africatown USA Bridge to the north of downtown onto Blakeley Island where it becomes co-routed with US 98.[132]

Mobile's public transportation is the Wave Transit System which features buses with 18 fixed routes and neighborhood service.[133] The Wave Transit System also operates the Moda! electric trolley service in downtown Mobile with 22 stops Monday through Saturday.[134] Baylinc is a public transportation bus service provided by the Baldwin Rural Transit System in cooperation with the Wave Transit System that provides service between eastern Baldwin County and downtown Mobile. Baylinc operates Monday through Friday.[135] Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service between Mobile and many locations throughout the United States. Mobile is served by several taxi and limousine services.[136]

Water

File:Alabama Cruise Terminal Mobile Alabama.jpg
Alabama Cruise Terminal

The Port of Mobile has public, deepwater terminals with direct access to 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland and intracoastal waterways serving the Great Lakes, the Ohio and Tennessee river valleys (via the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway), and the Gulf of Mexico.[129] The Alabama State Port Authority owns and operates the public terminals at the Port of Mobile.[129] The public terminals handle containerized, bulk, breakbulk, roll-on/roll-off, and heavy lift cargoes.[129] The port is also home to private bulk terminal operators, as well as a number of highly specialized shipbuilding and repair companies with two of the largest floating dry docks on the Gulf Coast.[129]

The city is home port for Carnival Cruise Lines' Carnival Fantasy cruise ship which sails on four and five day itineraries through the Western Caribbean from the Alabama Cruise Terminal on Water Street.[137] Carnival Fantasy will be permanently replaced by Carnival Elation in May 2010.[138]

Media

See also: Media in Mobile, Alabama

Print

Mobile's Press-Register is Alabama's oldest active newspaper, dating back to 1813.[139] The paper focuses on Mobile and Baldwin counties and the city of Mobile, but also serves southwestern Alabama and southeastern Mississippi.[139] Mobile's alternative newspaper is the Lagniappe.[140] The Mobile area's local magazine is Mobile Bay Monthly.[141] The Mobile Beacon is an alternative focusing on the African-American communities of Mobile. The Mobilian is a web-based, interactive portal with a focus on cultured-living in Mobile.[142]

Television

Mobile is served locally by four television stations: WPMI 15 (NBC), WKRG 5 (CBS), WALA 10 (Fox), and WFNA 55 (CW).[143] The regional area is also served by WEAR 3 (ABC) and WJTC 44, an independent station. They are both based in Pensacola, Florida. Mobile is included in the Mobile-Pensacola-Fort Walton Beach designated market area, as defined by Nielsen Media Research, and is ranked 61st in the United States for the 2007-08 television season.[144]

Radio

Thirteen FM radio stations transmit from Mobile: WABB-FM, WAVH, WBHY, WBLX, WDLT, WHIL, WKSJ, WKSJ-HD2, WMXC, WMXC-HD2, WQUA, WRKH, and WRKH-HD2. Nine AM radio stations transmit from Mobile: WABB, WBHY, WGOK, WIJD, WLPR, WLVV, WMOB, WNTM, and WXQW. The content ranges from Christian Contemporary to Hip hop to Top 40.[145] Arbitron ranks Mobile's radio market as 93rd in the United States as of autumn 2007.[146]

Sports

See also: History of sports in Mobile, Alabama

Mobile is the home of Ladd-Peebles Stadium. The football stadium opened in 1948. With a current capacity of 40,646, Ladd-Peebles Stadium is the 4th largest stadium in the state.[147] Ladd-Peebles Stadium has been home to the Senior Bowl since 1951, featuring the best college seniors in NCAA football.[148] The GMAC Bowl has been played since 1999 featuring opponents from the Mid-American Conference and Conference USA.[149] Since 1988, Ladd-Peebles Stadium has hosted the Alabama-Mississippi All-Star Classic. The top graduating high school seniors from their respective states compete each June.[150] The public Mobile Tennis Center includes over 50 courts, all lighted and hard-court.[151] For golfers, Magnolia Grove, part of the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail, has 36 holes. The Falls course was recently named the best par 3 course in America.[152] Since 1999, the LPGA Tournament of Champions has been played annually at Magnolia Grove. The Crossings course is home of this tournament. Beginning in 2008, the Bell Micro LPGA Classic will also be held in Mobile. Mobile is also home to the Azalea Trail Run, which races through historic midtown and downtown Mobile. This 10k run has been an annual event since 1978.[153] The Azalea Trail Run is one of the premier 10k road races in the U.S., attracting runners from all over the world.[154] Mobile's Hank Aaron Stadium is the home of the Mobile BayBears minor league baseball team.[155] As of December 2007, Mobile's University of South Alabama approved a NCAA Football program to be played at Ladd-Peebles Stadium.[156]

Sister cities

Mobile has registered sister city arrangements with the following cities:[157]

Additionally, it has pending sister city arrangements with:[157]

See also

Template:Commons cat

References

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  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 ""History"". "Mobile Carnival Museum". http://www.mobilecarnivalmuseum.com/History.aspx. Retrieved 2007-11-17. 
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  68. ↑ "Setting the Stage: Mobile Opera offers a three-show season for 2007-08". Press Register. http://www.al.com/entertainment/press-register/index.ssf?/base/entertainment/1179048222106610.xml&coll=3&thispage=1. 
  69. ↑ ""Arthur C. Outlaw Convention Center"" (PDF). "www.mobile.org". http://www.mobile.org/pdf/meet_convctr.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 
  70. ↑ ""About BayFest"". "Bayfest, Inc.". http://www.bayfest.com/about.php. Retrieved 2008-01-12. 
  71. ↑ ""See Courage Up Close"". "USS Alabama Battleship Commission". http://www.ussalabama.com/. Retrieved 2007-11-18. 
  72. ↑ ""About Us"". "Museum of Mobile". http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/about.php. Retrieved 2007-11-18. 
  73. ↑ ""OakleighMuseum"". "Historic Mobile Preservation Society". http://www.historicmobile.org/oakleigh.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-26. 
  74. ↑ Andrews, Casandra, "Master of make-Believe", Press Register, Mobile, Alabama: 28 January 2007.
  75. ↑ ""Tour"". "Bragg Mitchell Mansion". http://www.braggmitchellmansion.com/tour.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-19. 
  76. ↑ ""Welcome"". "Richards DAR House Museum". http://www.richardsdarhouse.com/index.html. Retrieved 2007-10-19. 
  77. ↑ ""Condé"". "Condé-Charlotte Museum House". http://www.angelfire.com/al2/condecharlotte/. Retrieved 2007-10-19. 
  78. ↑ ""Welcome to the Mobile Medical Museum"". "Mobile Medical Museum". http://www.mobilemedicalmuseum.com/. Retrieved 2007-10-19. 
  79. ↑ "Phoenix Fire Museum". Museum of Mobile. http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/other_museums.php. Retrieved 2007-10-19. 
  80. ↑ ""Mobile Police Department Museum"". "Mobile Police Department". http://www.cityofmobile.org/mobilepd/html/divisions/museum.html. Retrieved 2007-10-19. 
  81. ↑ ""About Us"". "Gulf Coast Exploreum". http://www.exploreum.net/. Retrieved 2007-10-16. 
  82. ↑ Motyka, John. "You Can Call It the Little Easy". New York Times. http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/23/travel/escapes/23American.html?ex=1175313600&en=f9db7486620e5d10&ei=5070&emc=eta1. Retrieved 2007-05-08. 
  83. ↑ ""Explore the Gardens"". "Mobile Botanical Gardens". http://www.mobilebotanicalgardens.org/explore.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-18. 
  84. ↑ ""About Us"". "Bellingrath Gardens and Home Website". http://www.bellingrath.org/about-us.html. Retrieved 2007-11-18. 
  85. ↑ ""5 Rivers Delta Resource Center"" (PDF). "Mobile Bay Convention and Visitors Bureau". http://www.mobile.org/pdf/5riversbrochure.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-16. 
  86. ↑ ""5 Rivers"". "5 Rivers Delta Resource Center Website". http://www.outdooralabama.com/outdoor-adventures/5rivers/. Retrieved 2009-08-06. 
  87. ↑ ""5RDS"". "5 Rivers Delta Resource Center Website". http://www.outdooralabama.com/outdoor-adventures/5rivers/safaris/. Retrieved 2009-08-06. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 ""Parks and Recreation"". "City of Mobile". http://www.cityofmobile.org/parks/parklist.php. Retrieved 2007-11-18. 
  89. ↑ Delaney, Caldwell. The Story of Mobile,page 79. Mobile, Alabama: Gill Press, 1953.
  90. ↑ ""Main Street Mobile"". "Dauphin Street Virtual Walking Tour". http://www.mainstreetmobile.org/html/guide/walking.html. Retrieved 2007-09-26. 
  91. ↑ ""Mobile Attractions"". "www.al.com". http://www.al.com/mobile/index.ssf?cityguide/attractions.html. Retrieved 2007-11-17. 
  92. ↑ ""Historic Districts Maps from the Mobile Historical Development Commission"". "Alabama Historical Commission". http://www.mobilehd.org/historic_maps.php. Retrieved 2007-09-21. 
  93. ↑ Sledge, John (April 2002), "Church Street Graveyard", The Alabama Review 55: 96–105 
  94. ↑ ""Welcome to the Magnolia Cemetery Website"". "Magnolia Cemetery website". http://www.magnoliacemetery.com/. Retrieved 2007-11-18. 
  95. ↑ Sledge, John Sturdivant (2002). Cities of Silence: A Guide to Mobile's Historic Cemeteries. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 24–26. 
  96. ↑ ""The Story of Magnolia Cemetery"". "City of Mobile". http://www.cityofmobile.org/parks/magnoliacemetery.php. Retrieved 2007-11-18. 
  97. ↑ Sledge, John Sturdivant (2002). Cities of Silence: A Guide to Mobile's Historic Cemeteries. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 66–79. 
  98. ↑ Sledge, John Sturdivant (2002). Cities of Silence: A Guide to Mobile's Historic Cemeteries. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 80–89.. 
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.8 ""2006 census estimates for Mobile, Alabama"". "U.S. Census Bureau". http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=16000US0150000&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US01%7C16000US0150000&_street=&_county=mobile&_cityTown=mobile&_state=04000US01&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=. Retrieved 2007-10-14. 
  100. ↑ "2000 Census Data on Same-sex couple households". http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/CTTable?_ts=266690849265. 
  101. ↑ ""City Officials"". "City of Mobile". http://www.cityofmobile.org/cityofficials/. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  102. ↑ Thomason, Michael. Mobile : the new history of Alabama's first city, pages 272-273. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0817310657
  103. ↑ "Dean Congratulates Sam Jones, First Black Mayor of Mobile, Alabama on Victory". "Democrats.org. 2005-09-16. http://www.democrats.org/a/2005/09/dean_congratula.php. Retrieved 2007-05-09. 
  104. ↑ ""Elected Officials"". "City of Mobile". http://www.cityofmobile.org/cityofficials/elected.php. Retrieved 2007-11-17. 
  105. ↑ ""New Master Plan Coming for Mobile"". "City of Mobile". 10 January 2008. http://www.cityofmobile.org/news.php?view=full&news=1230. Retrieved 2008-01-28. 
  106. ↑ ""About Us"". "Mobile County Public School System". http://www.mcpss.com/Default.asp?PN='AboutUs'&ShowNav=. Retrieved 2007-10-19. 
  107. ↑ ""About ASMS"". "Alabama School of Math and Science". http://www.asms.net/about.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-19. 
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 ""Mobile's Private Schools"". "Private Schools Report". http://alabama.privateschoolsreport.com/schools/AL/Mobile.html. Retrieved 2007-10-25. 
  109. ↑ ""Mobile Alabama Colleges and Universities"". "U.S. College Search". http://www.uscollegesearch.org/mobile-alabama-colleges.html. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 
  110. ↑ ""Schools, Colleges, Departments"". "University of South Alabama". http://www.southalabama.edu/departms.html. Retrieved 2007-10-25. 
  111. ↑ ""Academic Programs"". "Bishop State Community College". http://www.bscc.cc.al.us/academic.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-25. 
  112. ↑ ""Bachelor Degrees Mobile Campus"". "Faulkner University". http://www.faulkner.edu/admissions/mobile/bs.asp. Retrieved 2007-10-25. 
  113. ↑ ""Associate Degrees Mobile Campus"". "Faulkner University". http://www.faulkner.edu/admissions/mobile/as.asp. Retrieved 2007-10-25. 
  114. ↑ ""History of the College"". "Spring Hill College". http://www.shc.edu/about-shc/history-of-the-college. Retrieved 2007-10-25. 
  115. ↑ ""Graduate Studies"". "Spring Hill College". http://www.shc.edu/graduate-and-adult-programs/graduate. Retrieved 2007-10-25. 
  116. ↑ ""Undergraduate Studies"". "Spring Hill College". http://www.shc.edu/academics/undergrad-programs/. Retrieved 2007-10-25. 
  117. ↑ ""About Us"". "University of Mobile". http://www.umobile.edu/aboutum/default.asp/. Retrieved 2007-10-25. 
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 118.2 ""Healthcare"". "Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce". http://www.mobilechamber.com/healthcare.asp. Retrieved 2008-01-28. 
  119. ↑ Andrews, Casandra (18 September 2008). "USA Mitchell Cancer Institute opens in Mobile". Press Register (al.com). http://blog.al.com/live/2008/09/usa_mitchell_cancer_institute.html. Retrieved 23 March 2009. 
  120. ↑ ""Children’s Hospital and Residential Services"". "AltaPointe Health Systems". http://www.altapointe.org/baypoint.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-02. 
  121. ↑ ""Nursing Homes in Mobile, Alabama"". "Alabama Nursing Home Association". http://www.anha.org/locator_display.cfm?ANHA_Region=7. Retrieved 2008-01-29. 
  122. ↑ ""Mobile: Economy"". "City-Data.com". http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-South/Mobile-Economy.html. Retrieved 2007-12-28. 
  123. ↑ ""Local Area Unemployment Statistics - Alabama"". "Bureau of Labor Statistics". http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?la+01. Retrieved 2008-04-04. 
  124. ↑ Template:Web cite
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  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 ""Mobile County Wins ThyssenKrupp Plant"". "Press Register". http://blog.al.com/live/2007/05/mobile_county_wins_thyssenkrup.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11. 
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 ""Mobile Airport Authority FAQs"". "Mobile Airport Authority website". http://www.mobairport.com/info/. Retrieved 2007-12-06. 
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 128.2 ""MAA Properties Overview"". "Mobile Airport Authority". http://www.mobileairportauthority.com/properties.php. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 129.2 129.3 129.4 129.5 ""Infrastructure: Rail Overview"". "Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce". http://www.mobilechamber.com/infrastructure.asp. Retrieved 2007-11-17. 
  130. ↑ Amtrak (2005-09-02). "Modified Amtrak Service to and from the Gulf Coast to be in Effect Until Further Notice". http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Copy/News_Release_Page&c=am2Copy&cid=1093554015790&ssid=170. Retrieved 2007-12-06. 
  131. ↑ Amtrak (2007-04-02). "Sunset Limited timetable" (PDF). http://www.amtrak.com/timetable/apr07/P01.pdf. Retrieved 2007-06-19. 
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 ""Alabama Roads"" (PDF). "Milebymile.com". http://www.milebymile.com/maps/Alabama_road_map.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  133. ↑ ""Wave Transit Buses"". "The Wave Transit System". http://www.metro-transit.com/RidingTheWave/buses.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  134. ↑ ""Wave Transit moda!"". "The Wave Transit System". http://www.metro-transit.com/RidingTheWave/moda.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  135. ↑ ""Baylinc Facts"" (PDF). "The Wave Transit System". http://www.thewavetransit.com/files/BratSchedule.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-06. 
  136. ↑ ""Mobile City Guide"". "AL.com". http://www.al.com/mobile/cityguide/?transportation.html. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  137. ↑ "Carnival Fantasy". Carnival Cruise Lines. http://www.carnival.com/cms/fun/ships/carnival_fantasy/default.aspx?shipCode=FA. Retrieved 2009-11-26. 
  138. ↑ Brian Lyman (2009-09-17). "Carnival Cruise Lines to deploy 'Elation' to Mobile; could carry 170,000 passengers a year". Press Register. http://blog.al.com/live/2009/09/carnival_cruise_lines_to_deplo.html. 
  139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 "Newhouse News Service - The Press-Register" (description), Newhouse News Service, 2007, webpage:NH-Register.
  140. ↑ ""About us"". "Lagniappe, Something Extra For Mobile". http://www.lagniappemobile.com/about. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 
  141. ↑ ""Mobile Bay Monthly"". "PMT Publishing". http://www.pmtpublishing.com/default.aspx?id=42. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 
  142. ↑ ""The Mobilian"". "The Mobilian, Be Mobile, Live Mobile - Shape It"". http://www.themobilian.com/. 
  143. ↑ ""Television in Mobile"". "www.thecityofmobile.com". http://www.thecityofmobile.com/tv/index.html. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 
  144. ↑ ""Local Television Market Universe Estimates"". "www.nielsenmedia.com". http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/nmr_static/docs/2007-2008_DMA_Ranks.xls. Retrieved 2007-11-17. 
  145. ↑ "Radio in Mobile". TheCityOfMobile.com. http://www.thecityofmobile.com/radio/index.html. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 
  146. ↑ "Arbitron Radio Market Rankings: Fall 2007" (PDF). Arbitron.com. http://www.arbitron.com/downloads/redbook_fa07.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-17. 
  147. ↑ "Ladd-Peebles Stadium". LaddPeeblesStadium.com. http://www.laddpeeblesstadium.com/default.asp. Retrieved 2007-04-23. 
  148. ↑ "The Senior Bowl". Seniorbowl.com. http://www.seniorbowl.com/2007/gamerecaps1950s.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-23. 
  149. ↑ "Game Recaps". GMACbowl.com. http://www.gmacbowl.com/gamerecaps.asp. Retrieved 2007-04-23. 
  150. ↑ "History of the Alabama-Mississippi All-Star Classic". ahsaasports.com. http://www.ahsaasports.com/football/alms-allstar/history.asp. Retrieved 2007-04-23. 
  151. ↑ ""Mobile Tennis Center"". "Tennis in Mobile". http://www.mobiletenniscenter.net/. Retrieved 2007-10-15. 
  152. ↑ "Magnolia Grove". RTJgolf.com. http://www.rtjgolf.com/courses/magnolia_grove/. Retrieved 2007-05-05. 
  153. ↑ "Event Calendar". CityOfMObile.org. http://www.cityofmobile.org/calendar_events.php?category=&day=&month=01&year=2007. Retrieved 2007-04-30. 
  154. ↑ "Azalea Trail Run". VulcanTri.com. http://www.vulcantri.com/index.php?option=com_events&task=view_detail&agid=448&year=2006&month=03&day=25&Itemid=46. Retrieved 2007-05-05. 
  155. ↑ ""Hank Aaron Stadium"". "Mobile Bay Bears". http://www.mobilebaybears.com/hank.asp. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  156. ↑ ""Proposal for NCAA-Football at USA"". "University of South Alabama". http://www.southalabama.edu/footballproposal/. Retrieved 2008-03-03. 
  157. ↑ 157.0 157.1 "Mobile's Sister Cities". City of Mobile. http://ncsmobile.org/sister_cities.php. Retrieved 2009-11-26. 

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